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منتديات اولاد الفاو

منتديات اولاد الفاو ترحب بالضيوف الكرام وتتمنى تمضية وقت ممتع معنا******** من صلى على رسول الله صلى الله عليه و سلم صلاه واحده، صلى الله بها عليه عشرا ********نرحب بجميع ابناء الفاو داخل وخارج السودان

منتديات اولاد الفاو

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المواضيع الأخيرة

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Enteric feve Emptyالأحد يناير 19, 2014 2:29 pm من طرف Admin

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» امثال شعبية
Enteric feve Emptyالثلاثاء ديسمبر 24, 2013 12:32 am من طرف أحمدكزمه عين اللويقة

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    Enteric feve

    ميسره احمد عثمان
    ميسره احمد عثمان
    Admin


    عدد المساهمات : 467
    نقاط : 1367
    السٌّمعَة : 5
    تاريخ التسجيل : 02/02/2011

    Enteric feve Empty Enteric feve

    مُساهمة من طرف ميسره احمد عثمان الأربعاء فبراير 26, 2014 6:57 am

    Enteric fever
    Last reviewed: May 19, 2013.

    Typhoid fever is an infection that causes diarrhea and a rash. It is most commonly due to a type of bacterium called Salmonella typhi (S. typhi).
    Causes, incidence, and risk factors

    S. typhi is spread through contaminated food, drink, or water. If you eat or drink something that is contaminated with the bacteria, the bacteria enter your body. They travel into your intestines, and then into your blood. The bacteria travel through the blood to your lymph nodes, gallbladder, liver, spleen, and other parts of the body.

    Some persons become carriers of S. typhi and continue to release the bacteria in their stools for years, spreading the disease.

    Typhoid fever is common in developing countries. Fewer than 400 cases are reported in the U.S. each year. Most cases in the U.S. are brought in from other countries where typhoid fever is common.

    Symptoms

    Early symptoms include fever, general ill-feeling, and abdominal pain. High fever (103°F, or 39.5°C) or higher and severe diarrhea occur as the disease gets worse.

    Some people with typhoid fever develop a rash called "rose spots," which are small red spots on the abdomen and chest.

    Other symptoms that occur include:

    Abdominal tenderness
    Agitation
    Bloody stools
    Chills
    Confusion
    Difficulty paying attention (attention deficit)
    Delirium
    Fluctuating mood
    Hallucinations
    Nosebleeds
    Severe fatigue
    Slow, sluggish, lethargic feeling
    Weakness
    Signs and tests

    A complete blood count (CBC) will show a high number of white blood cells.

    A blood culture during the first week of the fever can show S. typhi bacteria.

    Other tests that can help diagnose this condition include:

    ELISA urine test to look for the bacteria that cause Typhoid fever
    Fluorescent antibody study to look for substances that are specific to Typhoid bacteria
    Platelet count (platelet count may be low)
    Stool culture
    Treatment

    Fluids and electrolytes may be given by IV (into a vein). Or you may be asked to drink uncontaminated water with electrolyte packets.

    Antibiotics are given to kill the bacteria. There are increasing rates of antibiotic resistance throughout the world, so your health care provider will check current recommendations before choosing an antibiotic.

    Outlook (Prognosis)

    Symptoms usually improve in 2 to 4 weeks with treatment. The outcome is likely to be good with early treatment, but becomes poor if complications develop.

    Symptoms may return if the treatment has not completely cured the infection.

    Possible Complications

    Intestinal hemorrhage (severe GI bleeding)
    Intestinal perforation
    Kidney failure
    Peritonitis
    When to Contact a Medical Professional

    Call your health care provider if:

    You have had any known exposure to typhoid fever
    You have been in an endemic area and you develop symptoms of typhoid fever
    You have had typhoid fever and the symptoms return
    You develop severe abdominal pain, decreased urine output, or other new symptoms
    Prevention

    A vaccine is recommended for travel outside of the U.S. to places where there is typhoid fever. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website has information about where typhoid fever is common. Ask your health care provider if you should bring electrolyte packets in case you get sick.

    When traveling, drink only boiled or bottled water and eat well-cooked food.

    Water treatment, waste disposal, and protecting the food supply from contamination are important public health measures. Carriers of typhoid must not be allowed to work as food handlers.

    References

    Giannella Ra. Infectious enteritis and proctocolitis and bacterial food poisoning. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2010:chap 107.
    Lima AAM, Guerrant RL. Inflammatory enteritides. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2009:chap 97.
    Review Date: 5/19/2013.

    Reviewed by: Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Bethanne Black, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

    Logo of A.D.A.M.
    ميسره احمد عثمان
    ميسره احمد عثمان
    Admin


    عدد المساهمات : 467
    نقاط : 1367
    السٌّمعَة : 5
    تاريخ التسجيل : 02/02/2011

    Enteric feve Empty رد: Enteric feve

    مُساهمة من طرف ميسره احمد عثمان الأربعاء فبراير 26, 2014 7:14 am

    ميسره احمد عثمان كتب:Enteric fever
    Last reviewed: May 19, 2013.

    Typhoid fever is an infection that causes diarrhea and a rash. It is most commonly due to a type of bacterium called Salmonella typhi (S. typhi).
    Causes, incidence, and risk factors

    S. typhi is spread through contaminated food, drink, or water. If you eat or drink something that is contaminated with the bacteria, the bacteria enter your body. They travel into your intestines, and then into your blood. The bacteria travel through the blood to your lymph nodes, gallbladder, liver, spleen, and other parts of the body.

    Some persons become carriers of S. typhi and continue to release the bacteria in their stools for years, spreading the disease.

    Typhoid fever is common in developing countries. Fewer than 400 cases are reported in the U.S. each year. Most cases in the U.S. are brought in from other countries where typhoid fever is common.

    Symptoms

    Early symptoms include fever, general ill-feeling, and abdominal pain. High fever (103°F, or 39.5°C) or higher and severe diarrhea occur as the disease gets worse.

    Some people with typhoid fever develop a rash called "rose spots," which are small red spots on the abdomen and chest.

    Other symptoms that occur include:

    Abdominal tenderness
    Agitation
    Bloody stools
    Chills
    Confusion
    Difficulty paying attention (attention deficit)
    Delirium
    Fluctuating mood
    Hallucinations
    Nosebleeds
    Severe fatigue
    Slow, sluggish, lethargic feeling
    Weakness
    Signs and tests

    A complete blood count (CBC) will show a high number of white blood cells.

    A blood culture during the first week of the fever can show S. typhi bacteria.

    Other tests that can help diagnose this condition include:

    ELISA urine test to look for the bacteria that cause Typhoid fever
    Fluorescent antibody study to look for substances that are specific to Typhoid bacteria
    Platelet count (platelet count may be low)
    Stool culture
    Treatment

    Fluids and electrolytes may be given by IV (into a vein). Or you may be asked to drink uncontaminated water with electrolyte packets.

    Antibiotics are given to kill the bacteria. There are increasing rates of antibiotic resistance throughout the world, so your health care provider will check current recommendations before choosing an antibiotic.

    Outlook (Prognosis)

    Symptoms usually improve in 2 to 4 weeks with treatment. The outcome is likely to be good with early treatment, but becomes poor if complications develop.

    Symptoms may return if the treatment has not completely cured the infection.

    Possible Complications

    Intestinal hemorrhage (severe GI bleeding)
    Intestinal perforation
    Kidney failure
    Peritonitis
    When to Contact a Medical Professional

    Call your health care provider if:

    You have had any known exposure to typhoid fever
    You have been in an endemic area and you develop symptoms of typhoid fever
    You have had typhoid fever and the symptoms return
    You develop severe abdominal pain, decreased urine output, or other new symptoms
    Prevention

    A vaccine is recommended for travel outside of the U.S. to places where there is typhoid fever. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website has information about where typhoid fever is common. Ask your health care provider if you should bring electrolyte packets in case you get sick.

    When traveling, drink only boiled or bottled water and eat well-cooked food.

    Water treatment, waste disposal, and protecting the food supply from contamination are important public health measures. Carriers of typhoid must not be allowed to work as food handlers.

    References

    Giannella Ra. Infectious enteritis and proctocolitis and bacterial food poisoning. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2010:chap 107.
    Lima AAM, Guerrant RL. Inflammatory enteritides. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2009:chap 97.
    Review Date: 5/19/2013.

    Reviewed by: Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Bethanne Black, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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